Working Papers


Multiple Program Participation: Incidence and Impacts from Reducing Administrative Burdens

with Derek Wu

(Draft coming soon)

Multiple program participation among low-income households is a critical yet understudied aspect of the modern U.S. social safety net. Leveraging high-quality administrative records from Virginia, we find that half of program recipients participated in multiple programs despite significant gaps in take-up persisting among eligible populations. We evaluate the causal impact of a technological reform that streamlined applications for SNAP, Medicaid, and TANF via a centralized online platform. Introducing a novel framework that decomposes the reform’s effects into "geographic" and "fixed" administrative burdens by distance to field office, we employ complementary research designs to identify the impacts of reducing each burden type. The policy reform markedly increased multiple program participation, predominantly among households with children, and targeted those with increased work histories and fewer criminal offenses. A partial identification analysis of recipient types reveals that a significant share of multiple program participation likely occurred along the intensive margin. Finally, using the marginal value of public funds (MVPF) framework, we evaluate the policy reform and demonstrate that MVPF calculations are sensitive to the inclusion of single versus multiple programs, highlighting the importance of considering multiple programs in welfare analyses. Collectively, our results suggest that reductions in administrative burdens to multiple programs can benefit low-income working parents who were previously leaving benefits on the table.

Understanding the Heterogeneity of Intergenerational Mobility across Neighborhoods

with Steven N. Durlauf, Rasmus Landersø, and Salvador Navarro

First version: October 2024 (NBER). This version: March 2025.

Recent research shows significant variation in intergenerational mobility across neighborhoods in many countries, yet its causes remain unclear. This paper develops and employs a generalized mobility model to assess the roles of family selection into neighborhoods and locational characteristics in shaping this heterogeneity. Using Danish administrative data, we analyze mobility across nearly 300 larger and 2,000 smaller neighborhoods, accounting for sampling error. Family selection and sampling error explain most variation, though a small, persistent residual remains. An analysis of this "irreducible heterogeneity" suggests the presence of multiple neighborhood types and nonlinear effects of family characteristics that influence intergenerational mobility.

Does "Welfare-to-Work" Work? Evaluating Long-Run Effects across a Generation of Cohorts

First Version: May 2024.  This version: January 2025.

Winner of APPAM PhD Dissertation Award, Runner-up of NTA Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation Award 

Work requirements in welfare programs are popular yet controversial. This paper provides a unified evaluation of Denmark’s "welfare-to-work" reforms by analyzing their long-term effects across 19 birth cohorts. Impacts vary by age of exposure to the reforms. Adult cohorts incur modest income losses and shift toward crime and disability insurance. In contrast, child cohorts exposed before becoming welfare-eligible reap gains in education, income, and health, likely due to parental spillovers and anticipation effects. Cost-benefit analysis shows welfare-to-work is cost-effective in the long run due to these younger cohorts. These findings help unify the literature and suggest more efficient policy designs.

Immobility as Memory: Some New Approaches to Characterizing Intergenerational Dependence via Markov Chains

with Lawrence E. Blume, Steven N. Durlauf, and Aleksandra Lukina

First version: February 2024.  This version: November 2024.

Conditionally accepted at Sociological Methods & Research

This paper proposes some new measures of intergenerational persistence based on the idea of characterizing the memory of origin in the stochastic process that links the socioeconomic classes of parents and children. We introduce "memory curves" for all future generations given any initial condition of class for a family dynasty, which reveal how initial conditions interact with the transition process between parents and children to create mobility and persistence. We also propose ways to aggregate information across different classes to produce overall characterizations of mobility in the population. To illustrate our measures, we estimate occupational "memory curves" using U.S. survey data.  Our findings show that, on average, the memory of initial conditions dissipates largely within three generations, though there is meaningful heterogeneity in mobility rates across dynasties originating from different occupational classes.


Book Chapter


Intergenerational Mobility

with Steven N. Durlauf

This version: February 2022

Prepared for The Inequality Reader, Fifth Edition, D. Grusky, N. Dahir and C. Daviss, eds.

This essay reviews the theory and empirics of intergenerational mobility. Our review draws on models and empirical analyses of classic and more recent work from both economics and sociology. We summarize models and the surrounding empirical evidence of two key sets of mechanisms: family factors (income, education, credit constraints, household composition, and genes) and social factors (schools, neighborhood sorting, racial segregation, and peer and role model effects). We then discuss and evaluate current methods used to measure intergenerational mobility, including linear regressions and Markov chains. Theoretical models imply nonlinear relationships between parent and child status that are often ignored in practice and offer potentially different interpretations of the evidence of heterogeneity in mobility across locations, groups, and time. We conclude that the next generation of studies would benefit from a closer integration of theory with empirics.


Works in Progress


Long-Run Effects of Two-Generational Social Policy at Scale


The Effects of Participating in Multiple Safety Net Programs on Family Well-Being

with Derek Wu


Intergenerational Bottlenecks 

with Joshua Shea